Graduate students researching in this area look at the relationships between religion and intellectual history, broadly construed. Religious thought is taken to have both continuity and complex relationships of difference with the global history of ideas, of science, and of the book. The Graduate Group in Religious Studies at Penn brings together a range of domains of expertise. We specialize not just in geographical areas and historical religious traditions, but also in methods and approaches, including a reflexive approach to the category of religion itself, attention to material and visual culture, engagement with both classical manuscripts and contemporary media, and consideration of the role of religion against the backdrop of modernity and science, including considerations of politics, gender, and race. Rather than a formal track system, we encourage combinations of approaches, cultivating expertise that will prepare students for the academic job market while also developing research and communication skills applicable to a range of professional contexts. Our main areas of research and expertise, listed in alphabetical order, include: