Many technical applications of materialsfrom screws to ball bearings to hip implantsrequire parts that possess complex shapes and perform under mechanical impact and/or in aggressive chemical environments. However, the materials properties needed for optimal resistance to environmental impact usually differ from the properties needed for complex forming. This apparent dilemma can be resolved by first forming and machining the part and then providing it with suitable properties for service only where they are needed to resist environmental impact: at the surface.<br><br>The innovative approach we are pursuing to such surface engineering of alloy parts is to expose them to gases that provide carbon or nitrogen atoms to diffuse into the alloy. Under carefully controlled conditions, this can generate a subsurface zone with very high concentrations of uniformly dissolved carbon or nitrogen, providing greatly improved properties and performance. For austenitic stainless steel, for example, carbon or nitrogen concentrations can be accomplished that triple the hardness, improve both the wear resistance and the high-cycle fatigue resistance by about 100 times, and provide a saltwater corrosion resistance that outperforms that of the most expensive corrosion-resistant alloys. Different from competing approaches, such as coatings, the process is highly shape conformal and generates smoothly graded concentrationdepth profiles, rather than abrupt coating'substrate interfaces where, for example, insufficient adhesion or stress concentration may become a lifetime-limiting problem.