The concentration in Pharmacology and Toxicology, as part of the doctoral program in Biomedical Sciences, offers a PhD program that represents a flexible, research-oriented approach designed to develop the interests, capabilities and potential of all participants. The program is individually adapted to provide students with a diversified background in the pharmacological and toxicological sciences with a heavy emphasis on research that begins at the earliest possible opportunity for each student. The main objective of any concentration in Pharmacology and Toxicology is to train skilled pharmacologists and toxicologists who can pursue any career path available to this discipline as well as equip students with life-long learning skills that enable them to succeed in alternative careers. Pharmacology is a science that involves all aspects of the action of drugs on living systems and their constituent parts from the intermolecular reactions of chemical compounds within a cell to the evaluation of a drug in the treatment of human disease. Toxicology is a science that involves the study of the adverse or toxic effects of drugs and other chemical agents. It is concerned not only with drugs used in the treatment of disease, but also with chemicals that may present household, environmental, or industrial hazards. Thus, the Doctoral Program prepares graduates to effectively compete as independent scientists in a global economy in various science careers including academia, government, pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies.