The Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry also offers a Master of Science degree in Biotechnology. Biotechnology utilizes basic knowledge from the biological sciences, chemistry, and chemical engineering to solve practical problems in the fields of medicine, agriculture and chemical manufacturing. The program emphasizes formal training and immediate participation in research. First-year students participate in core technical laboratories in protein isolation and characterization, animal and microbial cell culture and recombinant DNA methodology. Students also participate in individual faculty research projects. Admission is contingent upon the successful completion of a bachelor's of science degree, or equivalent. Applications are evaluated on the basis of grades, recommendation letters, GRE scores, and other relevant qualifications. General Areas of Interest Structure and Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Structure and Biosynthesis of Proteins, Recombinant DNA Technology, Protein Isolation and Characterization, Animal and Microbial Cell Culture, Product Development and Marketing, Research<br><br>Vertebrates have developed immune responses to defend against pathogenic microorganisms and viruses. The immune response and pathogenesis is one of the most important fields of medical discoveries that have been, and are still being used to alleviate human suffering. Two types of cells are associated with the immune response, B and T cells. In mammals, B cells produce immunoglobulin proteins on exposure to foreign substances. These proteins are secreted into the bloodstream where they act against the invading organism. T cells also respond to foreign antigens, but their effector molecules remain firmly bound to the cellular membrane. The Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry has faculty conducting research on both types of immune responses.