The Ph.D. is an in-residence, interdisciplinary degree, which typically leads to a career in teaching and research, especially at business schools or industrial relations schools. Research-oriented careers outside the academic world are also available. The program can be completed in six years beyond the baccalaureate degree or five years beyond the master's degree. Doctoral students are required to complete 96 graduate hours of credit beyond the baccalaureate degree. Coursework is usually completed in two years. There is a second year paper requirement, one examination that focuses on the candidate's selected area of specialization, and the preliminary and final exams. Examples of areas of specialization include the effects of technological change on the human resource function, motivation, morale, and job satisfaction, labor-management relations in the public sector, labor markets and employment, and international comparative labor problems. Each student's program of study is chosen in consultation with their advisor and the Ph.D. Advisory Committee at the School.<br><br>Graduate study in Human Resources and Industrial Relations (HRIR) is based on a multidisciplinary approach to human resources/industrial relations problems and a flexible curriculum. To achieve this, the School has joint faculty appointments or course cross-listings with economics, psychology, law, business administration, and history.