Societal needs—for economic growth, better health care, environmental protection, etc.—and resource limitations challenge policymakers to make difficult public policy choices. The doctoral program in public policy prepares its graduates to conduct original research to help scholars and policymakers understand the tradeoffs involved in such choices across a broad range of critical issues. In particular, students can focus on:Policy analysis and program evaluation: How can we predict the consequences of our policy choices What values should drive those choices How can we determine which government and nonprofit programs work – producing benefits that exceed their costsPublic budgeting and finance: How can governments raise the funds necessary to provide public services in as equitable a manner as possible without impeding economic growth How should and do governments decide which services and programs to fund How can taxes achieve socially desirable goalsPublic and nonprofit management: How should functions be divided among the governmental, nonprofit, and for-profit sectors How should managers allocate financial and human resources to meet public needs. How should managers balance equity and efficiency claims.Urban and Regional Planning and Development: How can we assess and evaluate the complex and dynamic context and forces that shape the growth of cities, communities and regions What strategies can be employed to promote equitable and sustainable development What roles do systems (e.g. transportation, housing) play in creating the environments and communities we desire