Public administration focuses on the delivery of public goods and services, the implementation of public policy, and the execution of laws and degrees. Its studies, however, are much broader to include the functioning and leading of large and complex organizations. By definition and necessity, public administration is both science and art: science in that it is a study of how bureaucracies function and art in that it is a study of how to steer and manage organizations. Political appointees of the past are rapidly being replaced by a new types of public sector managers, more similar to executives, engineers, and accountants of the private sector. Governments, agencies, foundations, and authorities are seeking highly motivated individuals with communication, critical analysis, marketing, finance, strategic planning abilities, grant-writing experience, program development capabilities, organizational skills, and the ability to solve problems creatively.