Each student's PhD program of study is individually planned and is based on an apprenticeship model of learning with ones faculty supervisor. It is expected that there will be considerable variation among students as a result of differences in academic background and experience, research interests, and future professional goals. The program of studies requires that a broad knowledge of the field or fields of study be demonstrated through the successful completion of candidacy examinations. A major portion of the doctoral program is devoted to a research project culminating in a dissertation, which satisfies the requirements and standards of the Department of Educational Psychology & Leadership Studies and the Faculty of Graduate Studies.