The curriculum and instruction (C&I) PhD program is a research-oriented degree program that combines rigorous preparation for teaching and research in specific content areas, with particular attention devoted to curriculum and instruction, cognitive and social processes and research methodology. It is an ideal degree for those interested in the processes of instruction and learning within one of the previously mentioned content areas, and/or in the education and professional development of teachers. Specialty areas include: literacy studies, mathematics education, science education, research on teaching and teacher education (ROTATE).