Beginning Ph. D. students can demonstrate the competencies through previous course-work in conjunction with an oral interview with social studies education faculty about that course-work. Among the courses that could demonstrate competency include those in: History of Social Studies Education, Theories of Social Studies Education, Measurement and Research Design, Quantitative Research Methods, Qualitative Research Methods, Learning Theories, Multicultural Education, Social Foundations of Education, Teaching and Learning, Curriculum Theory, International Education and Content courses drawn from the disciplines (e.g., advanced courses in economics, history, geography, political science, etc.).