超大规模集成（VLSI）处理将数千个电子设备组合到单个集成电路中时遇到的问题。该领域涵盖了VLSI系统设计和实现的所有主要方面，包括系统规范
Electrical and computer engineers shape the future through innovation. They develop and improve systems that serve everyday needs of society spanning from high-voltage engineering and sustainable energy, to breakthroughs in wireless technology. Our faculty and students do everything from creating low-cost digital x-ray imagers to combat tuberculosis in developing countries, to building real-time embedded systems to advance the design and reliability of commercial products. The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) is founded on leading engineering education and research, a world-renowned co-operative study program, and a bold history of innovation. Waterloo Engineering is ranked among the top 50 engineering schools in the world; our ECE department is committed to sustaining that excellence in our areas of research while venturing into growing areas of opportunity. We attract the best and brightest students and faculty from around the globe, and our graduates are recruited worldwide by leading engineering firms, corporations, government agencies, and research-intensive universities. A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree is ideal for students pursuing a career in fundamental or applied research in academia, government, or corporate environments.The main thrust in this area is the application of electromagnetics to a wide range of engineering systems and devices including antennas, circuits and systems over the RFmicrowave, millimeter-waveTHz, and optical range of frequencies.