Doctoral degrees in civil engineering and environmental engineering are required for college-level teaching and employment in research institutions. Many leading industries and agencies also seek well-trained doctoral graduates. The specialty areas include coastal, geotechnical, structural, transportation, and water resources engineering in Civil Engineering and a variety of sub-fields in Environmental Engineering including water quality, water and wastewater treatment, hydrologic processes, water resources, environmental engineering microbiology, air quality, hazardous and solid waste, and pollution prevention.