The admissions decision is based on a comprehensive assessment of the applicant's intellectual potential and promise, involving a review of the following criteria: Applicant's undergraduate education and records (and MS education and record, if applicable) Past research experience Research interests formulated by the applicant and their programmatic fit with existing research areas in the department Letters of recommendation (3) The minimum cumulative GPA for all applicants is 3.0. Applicants whose native language is not English are required to take the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), the International English Language Testing System (IELTS), or the Duolingo English Test (DET). TOEFL paper-based test (PBT) – 550, TOEFL internet-based test (iBT) and TOEFL iBT Home Edition – 80, IELTS Academic and IELTS Indicator - Overall Band Score of 7.